![]() Chemical reactions tend to involve the movement of electrons, leading to the formation or breaking of chemical bonds. Protons are the positively charged particles near the nucleus and electrons are the negatively charged particles that surround or 'orbit' around the atom. Newer research suggests this supplementation may actually blunt favorable adaptation in muscle (Merry and Ristow, 2015) and is the focus of this column.Ītoms are composed of a nucleus, neutrons, protons and electrons. ![]() To thwart the negative effects of free radicals, exercise enthusiasts have followed the advice of some experts with the supplementation of large does of antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids. These free radicals have both beneficial and harmful actions in biological tissues. During exercise, particularly more intense endurance training, free radicals are produced from mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial sources. ![]() Skeletal muscles are intricately designed molecular machines for producing work and force. The emerging case against antioxidant supplements
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